Alpha Natural Resources is a large American producer of metallurgical coal ("met coal") for the industrial production of steel and iron and low-sulfur thermal coal ("steam coal") to fuel steam boilers for the production of electrical power. The company also provides industry services relating to equipment repairs, road construction and logistics with domestic operations and coal reserves within the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Wyoming, Utah, Illinois, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. Alpha Natural Resources doesn't produce all of the coal it sells; much of the coal sold by Alpha Natural Resources is purchased from independent mining operations and then resold in the worldwide market.

The 2009 takeover of Foundation Coal also provided Alpha Natural Resources with the ability to directly access the Cumberland Mine Railroad and to rail transport coal in Pennsylvania.

In 2014, Alpha Natural Resources settled on a $27.5 million fine and $200 million to reduce illegal toxic discharges into hundreds of waterways across five Appalachian states. According to the EPA it was the largest environmental fine ever made against a coal company, "This is the largest one, period. It's the biggest case for permit violations for numbers of violations and size of the penalty, which reflects the seriousness of violations."

Alpha Natural Resources was first established in 2002 by management (original CEO Michael Quillen played a major role) and First Reserve Stockholders (though it officially incorporated in November 2004). Around the same time it made its first major acquisition, The Brink's Company's Virginian coal business for $62.9 million (Virginia is currently a significant source of primary production). Immediately after that it took over Coastal Coal Company (Jan 2003) followed by American Metals and Coal International's coal business (March) and Mears Enterprises, Inc (November).

Alpha Natural Resources as it exists today primarily as the result of two mergers, one in July 2009 (Foundation Coal and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.) and another January 31, 2011 (US$7.1 billion acquisition of Massey Energy).

Alpha Natural Resources filed for an IPO during December 2004 in an attempt to raise US$250 million to repay debt (strong coal prices also affected the timing of it). At the time coal was selling for about a quarter the price of natural gas ($1.5 versus $5.0 per million BTU) however since then (mid-2010) the ratio has become much smaller (coal has tripled in price to $4.63/mil BTU while gas is still at $5.189). (natural gas is used as an alternative to thermal coal in electricity production).

The takeover of Foundation Coal was a reverse takeover in that Foundation Coal was the company left standing and it was immediately renamed Alpha Natural Resources. Foundation Coal added 7.5 million tons of annual coal shipments to its Eastern Coal operations and expanded the company's presence in Wyoming. Although acquisitions helped Alpha expand rapidly since its founding in 2002, it burdened it with lots of debt ($185.6 million in 2004, $754.15 Dec. 31, 2010).

On January 31, 2011 Alpha Natural Resources acquired coal producer Massey Energy for US$7.1 billion, competed in June 2011, creating the second biggest coal miner by market capitalization. The merged company (54% owned by Alpha Natural Resources) would be the leading producer of metallurgical coal in the US and have the second largest reserves of coal (5.1 billion tons). Merging operations with Massey is estimated to reduce combined operating costs by $150 million. 7,000 of the 14,000 employees are in West Virginia. In 2010 demand for thermal coal rose while metallurgical coal demand was flat (made up only 14% of coal sales down from 17% in 2009).

Massey Energy had become a takeover target after suffering large income losses and negative publicity following an explosion at West Virginia's Upper Big Branch mine that killed 29 employees (direct costs related to the incident amounted to $128.9 million). Federal regulators and the Mine Safety and Health Administration blamed the explosion on Massey's poor practices, however the company contested the findings citing a methane leak.

The corporate takeover of Massey Energy was completed in June 2011 after shareholders of both companies voted for the merger (99% of Massey shareholders voted for the deal (77% of them voted) while 98% of Alpha's shareholders supported it (83% of them voted). Alpha secured $3.3 billion in financing for the takeover from Citigroup and JPMorgan. The combined entity will be the world's number three producer of metallurgical coal behind BHP Billiton and Teck Resources.

Alpha Natural Resources settled Massey's Upper Big Branch Mine disaster liabilities with the U.S. Attorney for $209 million on December 6, 2011. The settlement included $41.5 million to the survivors and families of the deceased. The Mine Safety and Health Administration additionally assessed a $10.8 million fine for 369 citations and orders, the largest fine for a mine accident in U.S. history.

On September 18, 2012, Alpha announced a plan to idle eight coal mines and the layoff 800 employees before the November 2012 federal elections in the United States. The plan would reduce Alpha's yearly coal production by ~16 million tons and reduce costs by $150 million.

In 2014, Alpha Natural Resources settled on a $27.5 million fine and $200 million to reduce illegal toxic discharges into hundreds of waterways across five Appalachian states. According to the EPA it was the largest environmental fine ever made against a coal company, "This is the largest one, period. It's the biggest case for permit violations for numbers of violations and size of the penalty, which reflects the seriousness of violations."

The firm suffered 4 years of losses, laid off 4,000 workers, and closed all but 50 mines. Due to its "abnormally low" stock price ANR was delisted from the NYSE on July 16, 2015. With debts of $3 billion dating from its acquisition of Massey Energy for $7.1 billion in 2011 the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 3, 2015.

Alpha Natural Resources had used more than $1 billion in "self-bonding" to guarantee it could pay for its mine reclamation obligations under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. After the firm declared bankruptcy, the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality agreed to accept $61 million in place of the firm's $411 million in self-bonding liability to the state. In West Virginia, Alpha’s bankruptcy plan is to offer $240 million in collateral for its self-bonding liabilities and continue holding $100 million in liability without collateral. The plan would commit $209 million to reclamation in Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Bankruptcy negotiations are complicated by large hedge funds, such as Highbridge Capital Management and Davidson Kempner Capital Management, who own both the company’s debt and liens on Alpha’s operating cash.

On July 26, 2016, the company successfully emerged from bankruptcy as a privately held company.

Only about 40% of coal is produced directly by the company, 60% comes from subsidiaries. Three fourths of the company's 60 mines are underground operations. In 2008 the biggest source of coal production, the Powder River Basin (53% = 49.2mt) was home to only 32% of coal reserves (behind U.S. Northern Appalachia (35% = 800mt) and Central Appalachia (32%, thermal coal). After the merger with Massey the company controlled 150 coal mines and 40 preparation plants which was up significantly from the 65 mines under its control at the end of 2007. For 2011 Massey expected to ship 10 to 14 million tons of metallurgical coal, about the same as Alpha (in 2010 was 11.88 million tons or 14% of total production). In its last annual report (2009) Massey Energy reported coal sales of 38 million tons (ranking sixth in the USA), that compares to 84.8 million tons sold by Alpha Natural Resources in 2010. In the fourth quarter of 2010 Massey Energy had a coal shipment shortfall of 1.4 million tons half of which was due to rail problems the other half a result of misproduction.

The Alpha Natural Resources leased corporate office building in Bristol, Virginia was reportedly sold in February 2015 for $28 million to One Alpha Place LLC registered in Delaware and owned by the publicly traded Kuwait Petroleum Corporation. The deal will apparently have no impact on the building’s sole tenant (Alpha Natural Resources, LLC), which at the time had 22 years remaining on a 25-year lease.

Before the merger with Massey Energy Alpha Natural Resources had over 60 active mines in 4 US states. After the merger the number of mines reached up to 110-150. Notable ones include Belle Ayr Mine and Eagle Butte Mine (both in Wyoming). In coal river east, Kingston Mining, located in Kingston West Virginia is also a vary notable mine. With some of the world's most sought after met coal. Currently, Alpha affiliates operate approximately 60 mines and 22 prep plants.